Physical Address

304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124

10 Best Laptops for Art Students: Unleash Your Creativity With the Right Tools

Choosing the right laptop is essential for art students to release your creativity. Look for models with high-performance processors like Intel Core i9 or AMD Ryzen 9, at least 16GB RAM, and a dedicated NVIDIA GeForce RTX graphics card for smooth rendering. A display with a high resolution of 4K and wide color gamut guarantees accurate design work. Portability is key, so pick something lightweight with great battery life. Models like the Dell G16 7630 and Alienware M18 R2 excel, but many others can boost your artistry too. Keep exploring to find the perfect laptop that fits your unique creative needs.

Key Takeaways

  • High-performance processors like Intel Core i9 or AMD Ryzen 9 ensure smooth multitasking and efficient creative workflows for art students.
  • A minimum of 16GB DDR5 RAM and dedicated NVIDIA GeForce RTX graphics cards are essential for rendering and graphic-intensive applications.
  • Look for laptops with 4K displays and wide color gamut coverage for accurate color representation and fine detail visibility in artistic work.
  • Portability matters; choose laptops weighing 5-6 pounds with impressive battery life of 10-15 hours for on-the-go creativity.
  • Ensure compatibility with essential software like Adobe Creative Suite and Autodesk for a seamless creative experience.

Dell G16 7630 Gaming Laptop

powerful gaming laptop device

The Dell G16 7630 Gaming Laptop stands out as a premier choice for art students who require robust graphical performance for demanding applications. Featuring a 16-inch QHD+ 240Hz display and powered by an Intel Core i9-13900HX processor, it delivers exceptional speed and responsiveness. The 16GB DDR5 RAM and 1TB SSD guarantee quick load times and effective multitasking, while the NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4070 graphics card excels in handling graphic-intensive tasks such as CAD and 4K video editing. Its Alienware-inspired thermal design efficiently manages heat during intense sessions, although users have reported occasional heating issues. Despite minor connectivity and quality control concerns, the G16 7630 remains a strong contender for art students seeking high-performance computing.

Best For: The Dell G16 7630 Gaming Laptop is best for art students and professionals who require high-performance computing for graphic-intensive applications like CAD and 4K video editing.

Pros:

  • Exceptional performance with Intel Core i9 processor and NVIDIA GeForce RTX graphics for demanding tasks.
  • 16-inch QHD+ 240Hz display provides vibrant visuals and smooth gameplay.
  • Efficient thermal design helps manage heat during intense gaming sessions.

Cons:

  • Heating issues reported during high-graphics settings can lead to performance throttling.
  • Quality control concerns with defective screens and battery performance issues noted by users.
  • Limited customization options for RGB keyboard lighting and challenges in finding a suitable protective backpack.

Alienware M18 R2 Gaming Laptop

powerful gaming laptop model

Art students seeking a powerful and versatile laptop will find the Alienware M18 R2 Gaming Laptop an exceptional choice. Featuring an impressive 18-inch QHD+ display with a 165Hz refresh rate, it guarantees vibrant visuals essential for creative work. The Intel Core i9-14900HX processor, combined with the NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4080 graphics card, provides outstanding performance for graphics-intensive applications. With 32GB of DDR5 RAM and a 1TB SSD, this laptop offers ample memory and storage for large projects. Its advanced cooling technology and customizable storage options further enhance usability. Despite some minor customer feedback regarding connectivity issues, the overall performance and build quality make the Alienware M18 R2 a formidable tool for art students enthusiastic to release their creativity.

Best For: Art students and creative professionals seeking a powerful and versatile laptop for graphics-intensive applications and vibrant visual work.

Pros:

  • Exceptional performance with Intel Core i9-14900HX processor and NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4080 graphics for demanding tasks.
  • Impressive 18-inch QHD+ display with a 165Hz refresh rate, ensuring vibrant visuals and smooth gameplay.
  • Ample storage and memory with 32GB DDR5 RAM and a 1TB SSD, plus customizable storage options for extensive project needs.

Cons:

  • Some users reported connectivity issues, including Bluetooth glitches.
  • Concerns about overheating during extended use have been mentioned.
  • Customer service challenges noted by some users may affect support experience.

ASUS ProArt P16 Laptop with AMD Ryzen AI 9 HX 370

asus proart ryzen 9 laptop

Designed specifically for creative professionals, the ASUS ProArt P16 Laptop with AMD Ryzen AI 9 HX 370 offers exceptional performance tailored to the needs of art students. Powered by a 12-core processor and 32 GB DDR5 RAM, it guarantees seamless multitasking and efficient handling of demanding applications. The 16-inch 4K display, with a resolution of 3840 x 2400 and 400 nits brightness, provides stunning visuals essential for design work. Supported by NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 graphics, this laptop enhances rendering capabilities while the 2 TB PCIe SSD offers expansive storage for large files. Connectivity options, including USB 4.0 and HDMI 2.1, assure versatility in connecting to various peripherals, making it an ideal choice for aspiring artists.

Best For: Creative professionals and art students seeking powerful performance and stunning visuals for design work.

Pros:

  • Exceptional performance with a 12-core AMD Ryzen processor and 32 GB DDR5 RAM for seamless multitasking.
  • Stunning 16-inch 4K display with 400 nits brightness, ideal for detailed design and creative projects.
  • Versatile connectivity options including USB 4.0 and HDMI 2.1 for easy peripheral connections.

Cons:

  • Weighs 9 pounds, which may be considered heavy for portability.
  • Higher price point may not be suitable for casual users or those on a budget.
  • Limited battery life may affect mobility during extended use without access to power.

Acer Aspire 3 Slim Laptop (A315-24P-R7VH)

acer aspire 3 slim

For aspiring artists seeking a reliable and portable companion, the Acer Aspire 3 Slim Laptop (A315-24P-R7VH) stands out with its stunning 15.6-inch Full HD IPS display. Powered by an AMD Ryzen 3 7320U Quad-Core processor and equipped with AMD Radeon Graphics, this laptop efficiently handles multitasking and light creative tasks. With 8GB of LPDDR5 RAM and a 128GB NVMe SSD, users can expect quick boot times and responsive performance, making it suitable for web browsing, office applications, and light coding. Its sleek design, weighing just 3.92 pounds, enhances portability, while an impressive battery life of up to 11 hours guarantees you can create without interruption. Overall, the Acer Aspire 3 is an excellent choice for art students on the go.

Best For: Aspiring artists and students seeking a reliable, portable laptop for light creative tasks and everyday use.

Pros:

  • Stunning 15.6-inch Full HD IPS display provides vibrant visuals and an immersive viewing experience.
  • Lightweight design at 3.92 pounds enhances portability for on-the-go creativity.
  • Impressive battery life of up to 11 hours allows for extended use without the need for frequent charging.

Cons:

  • Limited storage capacity of 128GB may require upgrades for users with larger file needs.
  • Windows S Mode restrictions can limit software compatibility, necessitating a switch to full Windows for some users.
  • Performance may struggle with demanding applications or heavy multitasking beyond light workloads.

Lenovo Yoga 9i AI Powered 2-in-1 Laptop

ai powered 2 in 1 laptop

The Lenovo Yoga 9i AI Powered 2-in-1 Laptop stands out as an exceptional choice for art students, particularly due to its stunning 14.0 OLED 2.8K touchscreen display, which delivers vibrant colors and sharp details essential for creative projects. Powered by a robust 14th Gen Ultra 7-155H processor and 16GB LPDDR5X RAM, it guarantees seamless multitasking and efficient performance. The integrated Intel Arc graphics further enhance visual fidelity, making it ideal for graphic design and digital art. With a 1TB PCIe NVMe SSD, ample storage for large files is assured. Additional features, such as the Active Pen and backlit keyboard, cater to the creative process, while connectivity options like Thunderbolt 4 and Wi-Fi 6E guarantee smooth collaboration and data transfer.

Best For: The Lenovo Yoga 9i AI Powered 2-in-1 Laptop is best for art students and creative professionals seeking a high-performance device for graphic design and digital art.

Pros:

  • Stunning 14.0 OLED 2.8K touchscreen display offers vibrant colors and sharp details, ideal for creative projects.
  • Robust performance with a 14th Gen Ultra processor and 16GB RAM ensures seamless multitasking and efficient workflows.
  • Includes Active Pen for precise input and a backlit keyboard for comfortable use in low-light environments.

Cons:

  • Higher price point may not be suitable for budget-conscious students.
  • Weight and size might be less portable compared to smaller laptops.
  • Limited upgrade options post-purchase due to integrated components.

Apple 2022 MacBook Air Laptop with M2 Chip

m2 chip macbook air

With its impressive 13.6-inch Liquid Retina display, the Apple 2022 MacBook Air equipped with the M2 chip stands out as an ideal choice for art students seeking vibrant visuals and exceptional color accuracy in their creative work. The 2560-by-1664 resolution and P3 wide color support allow for rich, detailed imagery, essential for graphic design and digital art. Weighing only 2.7 pounds, this laptop offers remarkable portability without sacrificing performance. The M2 chip enhances productivity with its 8-core CPU and 10-core GPU, making multitasking seamless. Significantly, the device supports up to 18 hours of battery life, ensuring reliability during long studio sessions. With options for up to 24GB of memory, this MacBook Air is a versatile tool for any aspiring artist.

Best For: The Apple 2022 MacBook Air with M2 chip is best for art students and creative professionals seeking a lightweight, high-performance laptop for graphic design and digital art.

Pros:

  • Exceptional display quality with 2560-by-1664 resolution and P3 wide color support for vibrant visuals.
  • Lightweight design at 2.7 pounds, making it highly portable for on-the-go use.
  • Long battery life of up to 18 hours, perfect for extended creative sessions without needing frequent recharges.

Cons:

  • Limited upgrade options for ports, with only two Thunderbolt ports and a headphone jack.
  • Higher price point compared to some competing laptops with similar specifications.
  • Configuring to maximum memory and storage can significantly increase the overall cost.

ASUS Chromebook Plus CX34 Laptop

asus chromebook plus cx34

Art students seeking a reliable and portable computing solution will find the ASUS Chromebook Plus CX34 Laptop particularly appealing. Featuring a 14-inch Full HD NanoEdge anti-glare display, this laptop is powered by an Intel® Core™ i3-1215U Processor, ensuring swift performance with up to 4.4 GHz. With 8GB LPDDR5 RAM and 256GB UFS storage, it offers ample space for creative projects. The 180° lay-flat hinge enhances versatility, while AI-powered Google features such as Magic Eraser and noise cancellation elevate user experience. Weighing just 5.14 pounds and boasting a battery life of up to 10 hours, it is designed for on-the-go artists. Despite some concerns regarding sound and Bluetooth functionality, it maintains a strong 4.3-star average rating.

Best For: Art students seeking a reliable and portable computing solution for creative projects.

Pros:

  • Fast performance with Intel® Core™ i3-1215U Processor and 8GB LPDDR5 RAM.
  • Versatile design with a 180° lay-flat hinge and a lightweight build for easy portability.
  • AI-powered features enhance user experience with tools like Magic Eraser and noise cancellation.

Cons:

  • Constant fan noise can be distracting during use.
  • Low sound quality from internal speakers may not meet all users' expectations.
  • Mixed feedback on Bluetooth functionality and absence of USB 2.0 ports.

ASUS Zenbook Duo Laptop (UX8406MA-PS99T)

asus zenbook duo laptop

Designed for the creative professional, the ASUS Zenbook Duo UX8406MA-PS99T stands out with its dual 14" OLED 3K touch displays, offering unparalleled multitasking capabilities. Powered by an Intel Core Ultra 9 processor and 32GB LPDDR5x RAM, this laptop guarantees seamless performance for demanding artistic applications. The 1TB SSD provides ample storage for large files and projects. Weighing only 3.64 lbs and measuring 0.78" thick, its portability is enhanced by a detachable Bluetooth keyboard and built-in kickstand. Users commend its productivity-enhancing features, including multiple display modes and a responsive keyboard. With a battery life of up to 13.5 hours, the ASUS Zenbook Duo is a reliable companion for art students seeking creativity on the go.

Best For: Creative professionals and art students who require powerful multitasking capabilities with a portable design.

Pros:

  • Dual 14" OLED 3K touch displays enhance multitasking efficiency and provide vibrant visuals.
  • Lightweight and portable design with a detachable Bluetooth keyboard and built-in kickstand for on-the-go creativity.
  • Impressive battery life of up to 13.5 hours, ensuring extended usage without frequent recharging.

Cons:

  • Some users reported issues with screen durability, raising concerns about long-term reliability.
  • Customer service experiences have been mixed, with slow responses during repair processes noted by users.
  • Occasional software quirks that may require updates for optimal performance.

Lenovo Legion Pro 7i Gen 9 Laptop (2024 Model)

gaming laptop 2024 model

The Lenovo Legion Pro 7i Gen 9 Laptop (2024 Model) stands out as an exceptional choice for art students seeking a powerful and versatile machine. Equipped with a 14th Generation Intel i9-14900HX processor and NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4080 graphics, it delivers impressive performance for demanding creative tasks. The 16-inch WQXGA display, boasting a resolution of 2560 x 1600 and 100% DCI-P3 color accuracy, guarantees vibrant visuals essential for artistic work. With 32GB DDR5 RAM and a generous 2TB SSD, storage and multitasking capabilities are robust. The laptop's advanced cooling system and AI tuning enhance performance during intensive applications. Although it has received a moderate customer rating, its specifications make it a compelling option for aspiring artists.

Best For: Art students and creative professionals seeking a high-performance laptop for demanding tasks and vibrant visuals.

Pros:

  • Powerful performance with a 14th Generation Intel i9 processor and NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4080 graphics.
  • Vibrant display featuring a 16-inch WQXGA resolution and 100% DCI-P3 color accuracy, ideal for creative work.
  • Ample storage and memory with 32GB RAM and a 2TB SSD, facilitating multitasking and large file storage.

Cons:

  • Moderate customer ratings indicating potential quality control issues and performance concerns.
  • Heavy weight at 10.44 pounds, making it less portable for some users.
  • Reported abrupt shutdown issues during gaming, which may affect reliability during intensive tasks.

MSI Titan 18 HX Gaming Laptop (A14VIG-036US)

msi titan gaming laptop

For those seeking unparalleled performance in creative applications, the MSI Titan 18 HX Gaming Laptop (A14VIG-036US) stands out with its stunning 18-inch 4K UHD MiniLED display. Powered by an Intel Core i9-14900HX processor and NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090 graphics, this laptop is engineered for demanding tasks such as 3D modeling and graphic design. Its 128 GB DDR5 memory and 4 TB NVMe SSD guarantee ample storage and rapid data access, enhancing workflow efficiency. The Cooler Boost 5 technology effectively manages thermal performance during intensive use. With a weight of 7.93 pounds, it is relatively portable for its capabilities. Although it comes at a premium price, its exceptional specifications make it a worthy investment for art students.

Best For: Creative professionals and avid gamers seeking top-tier performance and graphics in a portable laptop.

Pros:

  • Exceptional gaming performance with high core count and advanced graphics technology.
  • Ample memory and storage with 128 GB DDR5 RAM and 4 TB NVMe SSD for seamless multitasking and data access.
  • Effective thermal management with Cooler Boost 5 technology, ensuring optimal performance during intense tasks.

Cons:

  • Premium price point that may not be accessible for all users.
  • Short power cord can limit placement options and may require an extension.
  • Noisy fans under load can be distracting during quieter tasks or environments.

Factors to Consider When Choosing Laptops For Art Students

When choosing a laptop as an art student, you'll want to focus on several key factors. Performance and specifications are vital, as well as display quality and size to guarantee your work looks its best. Don't forget to take into account portability, battery life, and the graphics power you'll need for rendering your projects.

Performance and Specifications

Choosing the right laptop is important for art students, as performance and specifications can greatly impact your creative process. You'll want a high-performance processor, like an Intel Core i9 or AMD Ryzen 9, to efficiently handle demanding graphic design software and multitasking. This guarantees your workflow remains smooth, even when juggling multiple applications.

Aim for a minimum of 16GB DDR5 RAM. This amount of memory allows you to run various programs simultaneously without lag, which is essential for managing large files. Additionally, a dedicated graphics card, such as the NVIDIA GeForce RTX series, is crucial for rendering high-resolution images and videos. It enhances visual fidelity and speeds up processing times.

Storage matters too. Opt for an SSD with at least 1TB capacity to quickly load your design files and applications. This setup not only accommodates current needs but also allows for future expansion. Together, these performance specifications create a capable environment that fosters your creativity and helps you produce your best work. Prioritize these features to make sure your laptop meets the demands of your artistic endeavors.

Display Quality and Size

Display quality and size play a pivotal role in your artistic journey as an art student. Higher resolutions, like 4K (3840 x 2400), allow you to see fine details and achieve precise color representation in your work. A laptop that covers a wide color gamut, such as 100% DCI-P3, is essential for accurate color grading and digital art creation.

If you're working with dynamic content, look for a refresh rate of 120Hz or higher. This feature enhances your visual experience, providing smoother animations and video playback. The size of your display matters too—aim for a screen between 15 to 18 inches. This range offers ample workspace for multitasking and detailed artwork without compromising portability.

Additionally, consider anti-glare technology and brightness levels of 500 nits or more. These features improve visibility in various lighting conditions, ensuring that your color accuracy remains intact, no matter where you're creating. Prioritizing display quality and size can greatly elevate your creative process, helping you bring your artistic visions to life with clarity and precision.

Portability and Weight

Art students often find themselves moving between classes, studios, and home, making portability a top priority in their laptop selection. When choosing a laptop, you'll want to evaluate its weight carefully. Ideally, look for models that weigh no more than 5-6 pounds. This way, you can easily transport your device without straining your back or shoulders.

A thin profile, around 0.7 inches or less in thickness, is also beneficial. It allows you to store your laptop comfortably in your backpack or tote bag without taking up too much space. Many laptops designed for creative professionals utilize lightweight materials like aluminum or carbon fiber, helping to reduce overall weight while ensuring durability.

While you're focused on portability, remember that a laptop's battery life is equally important. A laptop that lasts at least 8-10 hours on a single charge will keep you productive throughout long days on campus. So, when you're shopping for your ideal art laptop, prioritize lightweight designs that won't weigh you down but still deliver the performance you need to release your creativity.

Battery Life Considerations

While you're working on your creative projects, having a laptop with impressive battery life is essential for maintaining productivity. As an art student, you often find yourself moving between classes, cafes, or studios, and a laptop that lasts around 10 to 15 hours will keep you connected without scrambling for an outlet.

When choosing a laptop, pay attention to the power consumption of its components. High-performance processors and graphics cards might drain the battery faster during intensive tasks like digital painting or 3D modeling. Additionally, features like adaptive brightness and power-saving modes can help extend battery life during idle times—perfect for those moments when you're brainstorming ideas.

Fast-charging capabilities are another must-have. Being able to quickly recharge between classes guarantees you won't miss a beat, allowing you to get back to your creative flow without long interruptions. Finally, consider the weight and design of your laptop. Thinner models may be portable, but they often come with smaller batteries, which could hinder performance during extended use. So, strike a balance between portability and battery longevity to keep your creativity flowing!

Graphics and Rendering Power

When diving into digital art, the right graphics and rendering power can make all the difference in your creative process. You'll want a laptop equipped with a dedicated graphics card, like the NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 or higher. This capability is fundamental for handling graphic-intensive tasks, such as 3D rendering and detailed digital painting.

Opt for at least 16GB of RAM to guarantee smooth multitasking, allowing you to run demanding applications without any lag. This is essential for maintaining your creative flow. Additionally, a high-resolution display—preferably 4K or QHD+—with a wide color gamut (100% DCI-P3 or similar) is crucial for accurate color representation and detail in your artwork.

Don't overlook the refresh rate, either. A minimum of 60Hz will enhance your experience in animation and video editing, providing smoother playback and interaction with graphics-heavy applications. Finally, consider laptops with advanced thermal management systems, as these will help maintain performance during those long hours of rendering and editing. By prioritizing these features, you'll set yourself up for success in your artistic endeavors.

Storage and Upgrade Options

Choosing the right storage and upgrade options is crucial for any art student who wants to manage their creative projects effectively. You'll want a laptop with at least 1TB of SSD storage to handle the large files that come with graphic design, 3D modeling, and video editing. This ample space helps you keep your artistic creations organized and accessible.

Look for laptops that allow you to upgrade your RAM, ideally from 8GB to 16GB or more. This upgrade can greatly boost your multitasking abilities and performance in demanding applications. Consider models with multiple M.2 SSD slots; this feature lets you expand your storage without replacing existing drives, which is perfect for managing extensive art portfolios.

Additionally, opt for high-speed PCIe NVMe SSDs over traditional HDDs to minimize load times and enhance performance when working with large design files. Finally, choose laptops that support user-replaceable components. This flexibility guarantees you can adapt your machine to evolving software requirements and increased storage needs as your art journey progresses. With the right storage and upgrade options, you'll set yourself up for success in your creative endeavors.

Operating System Preferences

After ensuring you have the right storage and upgrade options, the next step is to contemplate which operating system will best support your artistic endeavors. For many art students, macOS is a top choice, thanks to its seamless compatibility with creative software like Adobe Creative Suite. If you're leaning towards graphic design or multimedia, you might find macOS aligns well with your needs.

On the other hand, Windows is also popular among art students. It offers a broader range of software options, including 3D modeling and CAD programs that may not run as smoothly on macOS. If your projects involve such applications, Windows could be the better fit for you.

While Chromebooks are great for basic tasks, they typically struggle with resource-intensive applications and offer limited software compatibility, making them less suitable for art students. Also, consider how well your chosen operating system supports touch and stylus features, as both Windows and macOS excel in this area. Finally, keep an eye on update frequency and security features; these can greatly impact your software's performance and stability during your creative journey.

Connectivity and Compatibility

While selecting a laptop for your art studies, connectivity and compatibility are fundamental factors that can greatly enhance your creative workflow. You'll want a laptop equipped with multiple USB ports like USB 3.0 and Thunderbolt to seamlessly connect your graphic tablets, external monitors, and storage devices. This flexibility is essential for managing various peripherals during your projects.

Additionally, look for HDMI or DisplayPort options to easily connect to larger screens or projectors. This is particularly important for presentations and collaborative work with classmates. To efficiently handle graphic-intensive design software, aim for at least 16GB of RAM and a dedicated graphics card.

Wireless connectivity matters too; choosing a laptop that supports Wi-Fi 6 or 7 will guarantee faster file transfers and smoother online collaboration, making it easier to share your work. Finally, make sure the operating system is compatible with essential applications like Adobe Creative Suite and Autodesk programs. This compatibility is critical for running the software you'll rely on throughout your studies. By prioritizing these connectivity and compatibility aspects, you'll set yourself up for success in your artistic journey.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Is the Ideal Screen Size for Digital Art Creation?

The ideal screen size for digital art creation typically ranges from 13 to 16 inches. This size balances portability and workspace, allowing you to see details clearly without straining your eyes during long sessions.

Are Touchscreens Important for an Art Student's Laptop?

Touchscreens can enhance your art creation experience, allowing for intuitive interactions and precise control. They let you draw, edit, and manipulate images directly on the screen, making your workflow more fluid and enjoyable.

How Much RAM Do Art Students Need for Graphic Design Software?

For graphic design software, you'll need at least 16GB of RAM. This amount helps guarantee smooth multitasking and efficient handling of large files, so your creative process remains fluid and enjoyable without frustrating slowdowns.

Can I Use a Gaming Laptop for Art and Design Purposes?

Yes, you can definitely use a gaming laptop for art and design. They often have powerful processors and graphics cards, which help run demanding software smoothly, allowing you to create without any lag.

What Accessories Enhance the Laptop Experience for Art Students?

To enhance your laptop experience as an art student, consider investing in a high-quality stylus, a portable drawing tablet, noise-canceling headphones, and an ergonomic stand. These tools can boost your creativity and comfort while working.

Conclusion

Choosing the right laptop can make a huge difference in your creative journey as an art student. Whether you're into gaming, graphic design, or digital illustration, there's a perfect fit for you in this list. Keep in mind factors like performance, portability, and display quality to guarantee your laptop meets your artistic needs. With the right tools at your fingertips, you can truly release your creativity and take your work to the next level!

Sharing is caring.
Alex Mitchell
Alex Mitchell

Alex Dockman is an IT Systems Engineer and tech enthusiast with a knack for making complex technology topics understandable. With a background in Computer Science and hands-on experience in Silicon Valley, he shares his insights on docking stations and connectivity solutions, helping readers navigate the tech world. Alex's writing is known for its clarity and precision, making technology accessible to all.